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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shock value</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the psychological effect. For other uses, see <a href="Shock_value_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shock value (disambiguation)">Shock value (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Shock value</b> (or <b>shock factor</b>) is the potential of an image, text, action, or other form of communication, such as a <a href="Public_execution" title="Public execution">public execution</a>, to provoke a reaction of <a href="Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">shock</a> by eliciting sharp <a href="Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a>, <a href="Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, or similar adverse emotions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_advertising">In advertising</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Shock_advertising" title="Shock advertising">Shock advertising</a></div>

<p><b>Shock advertising</b> or <b>shockvertising</b> is a type of <a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> generally regarded as one that "deliberately, rather than inadvertently, startles and offends its audience by violating norms for social values and personal ideals".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the employment in <a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> or <a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> of "graphic imagery and blunt slogans to highlight"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> issue, goods, or services. Shock advertising is designed principally to break through the advertising "clutter" to capture attention and create <a href="Marketing_buzz" title="Marketing buzz">buzz</a>, and also to attract an audience to a certain brand or bring awareness to a certain public service issue, health issue, or cause (e.g., urging drivers to use their <a href="Seatbelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Seatbelt">seatbelts</a>, promoting <a href="STD_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="STD prevention">STD prevention</a>, bringing awareness of <a href="Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and other injustices, or discouraging smoking among teens).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Benetton_Group" title="Benetton Group">Benetton Group</a> has come under particular scrutiny for the use of shock advertisements in its campaigns, leading to public outrage and consumer complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several of Benetton's advertisements have also been the subject of much praise for heightening awareness of significant social issues and for "taking a stand" against infringements on human rights, civil liberties, and environmental rights.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other shocking advertisements released by Benetton include an image of a duck covered in oil (addressing issues of oil spillage and the cleanliness of oceans), a man dying of <a href="AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, a soldier holding a human bone, as well as a newborn infant still attached to its umbilical cord, which "was intended as an anthem to life, but was one of the most censored visuals in the history of Benetton ads". <a href="Oliviero_Toscani" title="Oliviero Toscani">Oliviero Toscani</a>, a photographer for Benetton who contributed to many of its shocking advertisements, said, regarding the advertisement he created of a man dying from AIDS, that he wanted "to use the forum of poster advertising to make people aware of this [AIDS] tragedy at a time when no-one dared to show AIDS patients".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></div>

<p>Shock rock is an umbrella term for artists who combine rock music with elements of theatrical shock value in live performances.

</p><p><a href="Screamin'_Jay_Hawkins" title="Screamin' Jay Hawkins">Screamin' Jay Hawkins</a> has been seen as a pioneer for shock rock. After the success of his 1957 hit "<a href="I_Put_a_Spell_on_You" title="I Put a Spell on You">I Put a Spell on You</a>", Hawkins began to perform a recurring stunt at many of his live shows; he would emerge from a coffin, sing into a skull-shaped microphone and set off smoke bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other acts include <a href="Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, <a href="Marilyn_Manson_(band)" title="Marilyn Manson (band)">Marilyn Manson</a>, <a href="Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, <a href="Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, <a href="Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="W.A.S.P._(band)" title="W.A.S.P. (band)">W.A.S.P.</a>, <a href="GWAR" class="mw-redirect" title="GWAR">GWAR</a>, <a href="Twisted_Sister" title="Twisted Sister">Twisted Sister</a>, <a href="GG_Allin" title="GG Allin">GG Allin</a>, <a href="Christian_Death" title="Christian Death">Christian Death</a>, <a href="Slipknot_(band)" title="Slipknot (band)">Slipknot</a>, and the <a href="Misfits_(band)" title="Misfits (band)">Misfits</a>.

</p><p>Shock value is also popular in hip hop music, and sometimes under the genre of <a href="Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">horrorcore</a>. Some notable examples are <a href="Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, <a href="Insane_Clown_Posse" title="Insane Clown Posse">Insane Clown Posse</a> and <a href="Tyler%2C_the_Creator" title="Tyler, the Creator">Tyler, the Creator</a>.

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<p>Shock value is also used in the art world either by commenting on real world situations or expressing oneself<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ranging from <i><a href="Piss_Christ" title="Piss Christ">Piss Christ</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 2002 <a href="Gaspar_No%C3%A9" title="Gaspar Noé">Gaspar Noé</a> <a href="Art_film" title="Art film">art film</a> <i><a href="Irr%C3%A9versible" title="Irréversible">Irréversible</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to the point of criticism and controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li>

<li><a href="Gross-out_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-out film">Gross-out film</a></li>

<li><a href="Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo film</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_jock" title="Shock jock">Shock jock</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_site" title="Shock site">Shock site</a></li>

<li><a href="Troll_(slang)" title="Troll (slang)">Internet troll</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive art</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li>

<li><a href="High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahl, Darren W. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jadres/v43y2003i03p268-280_03.html">"Does it pay to shock? Reactions to Shocking and Nonshocking Advertising Content among University Students"</a> Journal of Advertising Research 43 (2003): 268-280. Page 268, Retrieved January 22, 2008</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/611979.stm">"BBC News - E-CYCLOPEDIA - Shockvertising: Ads that divide"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, David S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au/viewpaper.php?id=233&cf=3">"What factors make controversial advertising offensive?: A Preliminary Study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914045132/http://conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au/viewpaper.php?id=233&cf=3">Archived</a> 2007-09-14 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ANZCA (2004): 1-10. Page 1, Retrieved January 23, 2008</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zumbansen, Peer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=14">"Federal Constitutional Court Rejects Ban on Benetton Shock Ads: Free Expression, Fair Competition and the Opaque Boundaries Between Political Message and Social Moral Standards."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212034533/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=14">Archived</a> 2007-12-12 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> German Law Journal No. 1 (2001) Retrieved January 26, 2008</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pegrum, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/MP397mpeg4.html">"A Big Disease with a Little Name"</a> 1 (1997)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_M._Komara2006" class="citation book cs1">Edward M. Komara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-w-uGwm_LhcC&dq=Screamin%27+Jay+Hawkins&pg=PA415"><i>Encyclopedia of the Blues: A-J</i></a>. Routledge. p. 415. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780415926997</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/10-artworks-shocking-art/">10 Pieces of Shocking Art - Are They Still Shocking?|Widewalls</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/gene/provocative">Provocative|Artsy</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/arts/art-shock.html">Can Art Still Shock? - Interactive Feature - NYTimes.com</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/art-scandals/">Art Scandals That Will Not Be Soon Forgotten|Widewalls</a></span>

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